Goffman’s The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Essay

Goffman’s The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life considers how people act in daily life and in different circumstances. He employs the language of theatre to show how humans are ‘social actors’ who take on different roles in different situations and circumstances. Actors have the ability to choose roles and are aware of an audience. Chapter 2 focuses on ‘Teams’. Goffman suggests that people will form teams to support how they present themselves. Like actors on a stage, it is difficult to act alone and to fulfil a desired goal. So people incorporate performance teams. A team is â€Å"a set of individuals who co-operate in staging a single routine† (69). There are 2 kinds of relationships in teams: one is that of reciprocal dependency where each member must depend on the other to achieve their goal or stage their ‘show’ and the other is that of reciprocal familiarity where ‘members are in the know’ and they work together to ‘maintain’ the appearance. A team therefore is not necessarily an organisation or social structure but a group of performers coming together to sustain a definition of a situation which tries to claim what ‘reality’ is (e. g. political parties for an upcoming election). In order to achieve something, all members must observe a ‘principle of unanimity’. Interaction between groups is always about who ‘performs’ and controls the ‘scene’; the other team becomes the ‘audience’. Thus there is always an issue of power – dramatic and directive dominance. Dramatic power is power that is visible but has little reality because somebody else is directing that actor. This person who directs someone else with dramatic power has directive dominance (e. g. Queen of England has dramatic power but no directive power; the Prime Minister has directive dominance). Sometimes a performer can hold both kinds of power. Questions: 1. Provide some examples of ‘Teams’ that you observe in the everday. Ans: Political parties, business organisations, college fraternities, fan clubs 2. In those examples, what are they ‘staging’ (i. e. what is their task / goal)? Who holds dramatic power? Who has directive dominance? Ans: College fraternities: staging masculinities, teenage identities Business organisations: usually profit gain through transactions Ans: Apple’s Steve Jobs – has both dramatic power and directive dominance

How does Miller present Catherine growing up in A View From the Bridge Essay

Over the course of the play, Miller presents Catherine’s growing sense of independence in the Carbone household. At the start of the play Catherine is portrayed as reliant on Eddie, adopting a domestic role, as well as naive and emotionally immature. After Marco and Rodolpho’s arrival, she quickly starts to become aware of her sexuality and starts to assert her independence and begins going against what Eddie says. By the end of Act 1 Catherine is able to talk back to Eddie and defies his orders and starts to see him as negative figure in her life. Miller uses Catherine to show how stereotypes of female behaviour are being challenged in Red Hook. When the audience is first introduced to, Miller presents her as the stereotypical housewife, as shown through the stage directions â€Å"enter[ing] from the kitchen†. The reference to the kitchen suggests that Catherine’s role is confined to that of a housewife; in addition her â€Å"look[ing]† for Eddie implies she eagerly waits for his return, much like a partner would. Her domestic role is further reinforced when Miller has her â€Å"get [Eddie] a beer† an action intended for a wife rather than a daughter. Catherine’s eagerness to please Eddie is further demonstrated when Miller has her â€Å"turn for him†. This shows not only her eagerness but also her naivety, as without questioning his orders she willingly puts her body on display for him. Her naivety is further explored when she â€Å"light[s]† Eddie’s cigar for him. Lighting a man’s cigar is seen as a romantic gesture, done between husband and wife, so the fact that Catherine fails to recognise the significance behind her actions goes to demonstrate her ignorance towards adult situations, further cementing in the audience’s mind that she acts like a child. Miller uses Catherine’s interactions with Beatrice to show how childlike she is despite her age. A notable example of this is when Beatrice says to her â€Å"go baby, set the table†. In this line the word â€Å"baby† could be seen as a term of affection that Beatrice has for Catherine – a likely assumption as she is Catherine’s mother figure. However it could be seen as having a hidden meaning; it could to show how Beatrice unknowingly views Catherine, as a baby. This is evidenced by the fact that Beatrice is commanding Catherine by telling her to â€Å"set the table†. After Marco and Rodolpho arrive Miller begins to show the first signs of Catherine’s increasing independence. Through her relationship with Eddie we start to see her break away from his control and start to gain some authority. This is shown when she tells Rodolpho to â€Å"go ahead [and] sing it†. This is a significant moment as it is the first instance in the play where Catherine takes a role of authority and commands someone else. Additionally slightly further on she tells Eddie to â€Å"leave him finish†. This goes directly against what Eddie was just telling Rodolpho and is the first instance in which Catherine challenges Eddie’s authority. This goes along with the first quote go to show just how much she has changed from when we first met her; she has gone from completely dependent on Eddie and has begun to start to challenge him. Catherine’s interactions with Beatrice begin to show how she has started to drift away from what’s expected of her as a stereotypical woman. Miller develops this idea through the fact that throughout the scene Catherine has been ignoring the duty given to her by Eddie, to get the guests coffee, and has forced Beatrice to take the job and â€Å"get the coffee† herself. This moment signifies the point where Catherine starts to no longer act as a wife towards Eddie, and allows Beatrice to take that role once again. Miller uses Catherine’s and Rodolpho’s relationship to show how she is maturing sexually. From the start Miller makes it very clear from the start that Catherine is interested in Rodolpho when he describes her as â€Å"wondrously† asking him a bout his complexion. Catherine’s intentions are given away here, as wonder is a strong feeling to have for someone she has just met. This is further emphasized when she exclaims once again about his appearance, saying â€Å"He’s a real blonde!† showing that she is so captivated with his appearance that she cannot believe what she is seeing. Another point that reinforced this idea is when she describes his singing by saying â€Å"he’s terrific, it’s terrific†. This switch from â€Å"he† to â€Å"it† could imply that Catherine might be so infatuated with Rodolpho she can not help complimenting him and must correct herself in order to hide the fact that she does feel love attraction towards him. Finally she later goes onto ask Rodolpho if he â€Å"like[s] sugar† this is a sexual comment veiled as a question and goes to show Catherine’s growing sense of sexual maturity. By the end of Act 1 Miller has shown Catherine to become more independent, this is first demonstrated through how her relationship with Eddie has changed. Firstly, Miller portrays Catherine to be far more forward with Eddie as shown when Catherine is described as talking to Eddie with â€Å"an edge of anger†. Her now being â€Å"anger[ed]† is a big change from how the audience originally viewed Catherine’s thoughts on Eddie- a childlike figure who relied heavily him. Furthermore, the change in her behaviour is emphasized by the fact that she can now assert some form of dominance over Eddie, as shown by the fact the he â€Å"retreat[s] before the threat of her anger†. Secondly Eddie himself starts to see that Catherine is maturing and growing up as shown when he says, â€Å" you’re a big girl†. However the use of the words â€Å"big girl† suggest while he may acknowledge that she is growing up he still does not view her as an adult as many others are starting to do. Beatrice is one of those who recognises that Catherine is maturing, and helps her in doing so. She tells Catherine throughout their conversation that she’s â€Å"not a baby anymore†. â€Å"Baby† was the term of affection originally used by Beatrice to refer to Catherine, so her telling Catherine that she is no longer a â€Å"baby†, implies that Beatrice no longer sees her as a child and that she is trying to convince Catherine that she is growing up to be a woman. Finally, Miller uses her relationship with Rodolpho to show how she has now gained independence and is able to defy Eddie. The most notable example of this is when she asks Rodolpho if he â€Å"wanna dance†. This comes right after when Eddie starts questioning Rodolpho on the way he behaves while he is out. Catherine asking Rodolpho to dance serves to act as a gesture of rebellion whose purpose is to show to Eddie that Catherine is now able to think for herself and goes to demonstrate that she no longer needs his approval on what she can and cannot do. Miller uses Catherine to explore the developing theme of womanhood and the struggle for female independence and by doing so he also uses her to challenge the traditional stereotypes that females in Red Hook, and by extensions the world, face.

Training skill Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Training skill - Assignment Example On the contrary as much as the leader is perceived as the person who is well informed there is always room to learn (Bowell, Pamela & Brian, 20). The second role of a trainer requires an individual to portray confidence in what is presented to the trainees. The most significant trait is always believing in one self and the individuals in training. It follows through that communication plays a vital role is to ensure there is a clear path followed towards achieving the goals that have been set. Proper instructions lead to proper execution of tasks (Bowell et al, 22). The two roles am prepared to participate in relate to each other in such a way that communication skills is imperative. These roles can apply in a job situation, family and the community in general. Both roles require an individual to possess the ability to give instructions that do not always receive negative critic from those who receive it, by giving them a chance to participate in decision making. Standing firm by the words uttered is imperative to these roles because, they determine whether an individual will have the ability to command a given segment of individuals or not. Furthermore, a situation is controlled by an individual’s ability to master it (Bowell et al,

Family And Local History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Family And Local History - Essay Example Local history surviving records, their location and uses Record of protests in the royal burgh of Perth are located in Perth and Kinross archives, these records are stored under the record number B59/11 and date from 1809 to 1849, these records can be used to the understand the issues of the people who lived in Perth and the reasons that forced them to hold the protests. A limitation in these records is that they have only been recorded for a short period of time between 1809 and 1849, which may make them not fully show the trend or the frequency of the protests in the long run. Another record that is available in the Perth and Kinross council archives is the register of acts of town council and indexes to the council minutes, which are recorded in under the identity B59/16-17. The register of acts of town council contains acts that were made between 1601 and 1752 while the indexes to the minutes of the council and the acts are recorded for the years between 1500 and 1797. These reco rd are relevant in explaining the evolution of the council acts and proceedings, in addition they also show the issues that were prioritised in that period depending on the number of acts or the depth of the act relating to that issue. Treasurer accounts of the council which are stored under the identification number B59/18 are recorded for the period between 1670 and 1765,these records shows the treasures charge and discharge with details of expenditure and income of the council including the names of burgesses entered and the names of all council employees (Dobson, 64). These records can be used to determine the trends of expenditure and sources of income for the council of Perth, this information can be used by modern day... This essay stresses that most of the records in the Perth and Kinross council archive collection include documents on how the region was governed which include the legal and administrative documents. Other documents were on how the authority carried out their financial processes and regulated business activities. However, these records contain scanty documents on family issues and the specific demographic characteristics. This paper makes a conclusion that to encourage people from, other regions of the world who may not be conversant with the ancient language used in Scotland, texts such as those that have financial and legal information should have a simpler version created which is easier to understand while still maintaining the original information. In order to increase the number of people that can access historical information on Perth and Kinross, the authorities should have copies of the documents in archives of other major cities in addition to posting them on the internet to build the desire of internet users to tour the country especially in the 2014 homecoming celebrations. Financial information contained in the collection has used the old standards of accounting principles; this makes it hard for the visitors, especially those from outside the United Kingdom to understand some of the information since they may not be conversant with the accounting procedures used.

Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Economics - Research Paper Example Undeniably, information security has evolved to be as significant to contemporary organizations as the security of perceptible physical resources. It is not surprising that the quickly increasing body of research dwells on issues of information security. Research should focus largely on the technical dynamics of the protection of information in computer-based systems through encryption, hardware controls as well as software and data controls. The behavioral dynamics associated with the prevention breaches in information security have attracted a lot of attention in the recent times among researchers. Conversely, there has been very little attention towards addressing the economic aspects of information security; particularly with the magnitude of resources that have been directed to improve information management by organizations, what these organizations require is a framework that will assist in deriving optimal levels of spending on information security. Economic perspectives typi cally recognize that even though some degree of investment in information security is noble, additional security is not always worth the associated costs (Bidgoli, 2006). Therefore, it is important to consider the manner in which vulnerabilities of information as well as losses that are linked to the vulnerability impact the ideal amount of resources that are supposed to be directed to making information secure. For a wide variety of probability functions in regards to security breach, the ideal amount that should spent on information security is a rising function based in the degree of the vulnerability of the information. However, in some cases, the ideal amount to spend on security of information initially increases and later declines with similar degrees of vulnerability of information (Rao & Upadhyaya, 2009). The managers who are responsible for allocation of information security budgets should typically concentrate that is categorized in the mid-range of

Digital Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Digital Evolution - Essay Example Looking at it in high level, Barrett tackled what is going on around the world referencing significant improvements in technology that has changed the face of humanity and of the world. He then moved on to discuss the importance of such technologies highlighting his company’s contribution to the evolution of technology. With this, Barrett pointed out two important opportunity areas where technology can be utilized to not only change how things are done but to deliver benefits to the population. These are the areas of healthcare and education. Based on the profile of Barrett, it could be noted that he has a strong advocacy for improving education in the United States as well as the rest of the world. Being a staunch supported of research in the academia, Craig together, with Intel, has made significant partnerships with educational institutions to promote and fund numerous research programs. With Intel focused on product-oriented research devoting around $6 billion annually for research and development, he strongly believes that research is vital for innovation and moving the nation and the world. Because of this, he has poured significant investments in research with these institutions to help improve and build on technology as it exists at the moment with a vision in fulfilment of what Gordon Moore has postulated and predicted decades ago. In relation to his company Intel, it has been reported that Barrett’s concern is capitalizing on the rapidly evolving digital world. The prospects on the electronic sector are really great. As believed by Intel, standardization is key to ensure that the different technologies produced and provided by different companies will work together. As such, Intel is looking into the expansion of manufacturing products that people actually want (What does the future hold for Intel, Apple and Microsoft?,  2004). Finally, Barrett in his 2004 article has

Economic Growth Of GDP, Unemployment And Inflation For 5 Years Of A Essay

Economic Growth Of GDP, Unemployment And Inflation For 5 Years Of A Country - Japan - Essay Example Both aspects are now wearing down. Japan's industrial segment is a great deal reliant on foreign raw materials and fuels. Japan's industrialized, liberated market economy is the second-biggest in the world. Its economy is extremely well-organized and aggressive in areas associated to international trade, but efficiency is far-off inferior in secluded areas for instance agriculture, distribution, and services. After accomplishing one of the uppermost economic development rates in the world from the 1960's throughout the 1980's, the Japanese economy paced down noticeably near the beginning of 1990's, when the "bubble economy" distorted, distinct by plunging stock and real estate values. Japan's basin of industrial management and technicians, well-knowledgeable and hard-working labor force, far above the ground savings and investment rates, and concentrated encouragement of industrial expansion and foreign trade has shaped an established industrial economy. Japan has few ordinary resources, and trade assists it receive the foreign exchange required to acquire raw resources for its economy. Japan's long-standing economic projections are measured well, and it is improving now from its most terrible period of economic expansion since World War II. The present development is Japan's greatest since 1970. The impact of the Asian financial catastrophe of 1997-98 as well was considerable. Actual GDP in Japan grew up at a standard of approximately 1% annually in the 1990's, as judged against the expansion in the 1980's of around 4% yearly. Real increase in 2005 was 2.7%. Major demographics of Japanese Economy are: Oil - production: 120,700 bbl/day (2003 est.) Oil - consumption: 5.578 million bbl/day (2003 est.) Oil - exports: 93,360 bbl/day (2001) Oil - imports: 5.449 million bbl/day (2001) Oil - proved reserves: 29.29 million bbl (1 January 2002) Exports: $550.5 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.) Exports - commodities: transport equipment, motor vehicles, semiconductors, electrical machinery, chemicals Exports - partners: US 22.7%, China 13.1%, South Korea 7.8%, Taiwan 7.4%, Hong Kong 6.3% (2004) Imports: $451.1 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.) Imports - commodities: machinery and equipment, fuels, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, raw materials (2001) Imports - partners: China 20.7%, US 14%, South Korea 4.9%, Australia 4.3%, Indonesia 4.1%, Saudi Arabia 4.1%, UAE 4% (2004) Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $845 billion (2004) (Online) GDP, Unemployment And Inflation Of Japan Here in Japan, anyone who works for 1hour per week, whoever turns lose an employment, or is employed per week per month, is measured as in a job. Accordingly, the Japanese have extensively showed off at their low joblessness rates, although it isn't the case any longer (over 5% legitimately). However one of the principal dissimilarity among Japan and the majority of Western countries (particularly individualistic Northern Europe), is that lots of married Japanese women continue to stay home, and are not measured without a job because they are

The growth of McDonald's company in the European market Case Study

The growth of McDonald's company in the European market - Case Study Example The main competitors include Tex-Mex, Nando’s, and Southern Fried Spicy Chicken Restaurant. In addition, research indicates that the demand is drifting away from the plain hamburgers offered at McDonald’s. As such, lack of product diversity has been a barrier to successful expansion into the European market (Han, 2009). McDonald’s company has to establish products that go beyond its identity (Toivanen, & Waterson, 2011). As such, it should go beyond the conventional hamburger place and offer a variety of products. In addition, the foods offered ought to be unique from those from the competitors. It is worth noting that McDonald’s Company is focusing on hamburgers and fries with low fat content. With the increasing lifestyle concerns related to nutrition, the European market is in dire need of products that are healthy. McDonald’s should focus on producing products that meet the nutritional demands of consumers, taking note of the increased demand to healthy eating habits. McDonald’s ought to recognize that consumers are the source of revenue. To maximize on its expansion in the European market, McDonald’s should embrace customer service as a complementary to offering foods. Customer satisfaction forms the foundation to customer loyalty. As such, the company should place customer service as a primary product. In addition, the company may practice target marketing as a promotional mechanism. Advertising its products to the right market would ensure that the company adopts an efficient marketing approach. It is notable that the visual impression is significant to consumer preference. Therefore, the company should focus on aspects such as packaging that go beyond marketing to create an appeal for its products. McDonald’s business strategy involves product differentiation and diversification to have an edge over its competitors. As such, the company ought to focus on new products such as McCafà ©, its coffee brand, to diversify

Contract Law-PDPD Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contract Law-PDPD - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that for most students, it is anticipated that the plan will have a substantial focus on identifying strategies to fill gaps and strengthen their study skills, as well as career planning, perhaps identifying skills and/or knowledge they need to acquire or further enhance, to enable them to achieve their career goals. Other steps identified as necessary to enhance employability are also likely to feature in the plan e.g. work experience and relevant extra curricular activities. The present research has identified that for those students already with an established career, your plan may feature less on employability and more on career progression and academic/or personal development. In formulating their plans and identifying goals, students must consider the key skills which our University expects its graduates to possess and which it is also likely that employers will require. The researcher states that the plan should not only set clear goals but also, to be e ffective, should identify how the goals will be achieved, a timescale for achievement and a means of knowing how the goal has been met. There is no set format for this work but you are encouraged to use the University’s SPARK template. It has been designed to be a practical means for you to document the skills in a format which can readily be transferred to application forms for employment or further study.

Euthanasia in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Euthanasia in Australia - Essay Example Presently, in Queensland, the only two laws that deal with end of life are Advance Health Directive and the Power of Attorney Act 1998. In fact, both the laws are insufficient to seek the help of others for assistance. Compared to other states in Australia, Queensland has more restrictions on the use of Advance Health Directive, which result in hindering individual freedom to healthcare. While other states use Advance Health Directive to overcome the restrictive statutory regime, Queensland uses the statutory regime to restrict the freedom under Advance Health Directive. Thus, Queensland authorities are more orthodox about the sanctity of human life than other states are. However, the mere fact is that through the amendment to the Queensland Criminal Code 1899, the territory has unofficially allowed room for euthanasia. It becomes evident that the existing laws in Queensland show double standard. On the one hand, it stands totally against the right to end ones own life unlike other s tates in Australia. This is evident from the fact that it has imposed greater restrictions on Advance Health Directive. On the other hand, it introduced amendments to Criminal Code to help health practitioners escape prosecution by allowing palliative care to the extent of foreseeable death but not intended death. However, the mere fact is that these rules and regulations are not water-tight. In other words, there arise a lot of legal issues associated with the present day stance of the authorities in this regard. It becomes evident that the Criminal Code of 1899 as amended in 2003 gives room for euthanasia on one hand, and punishes the ones who help in the same on the other. The Advance Health Directive and statutory regime- a failed purpose Admittedly, the only purpose of Advance Health Directive (AHD) is to allow individuals to decide their future course of treatment if they are incapable of taking independent decisions in future. As Willmott (2007) points out, unlike other state s, Queensland has more rules and regulations regarding the applicability of AHD. The Power of Attorney Act (1998) (QLD) declares that in order to proceed with the AHD to remove life-sustaining measures; one of the four conditions should be met: the patient has a terminal illness from which death is certain; the patient is in a vegetative state; the patient is permanently unconscious; or the patient has such an illness or injury from which patient is highly unlikely to recover. Thus, the Queensland regulation evidently kills an adult’s right to self-determination as the legislation shows more attachment towards the medical principle of sanctity of life. Davis (2009) argues that a look into the English law proves that the right to self-determination is given more importance than the principle of sanctity of life. In the case, Bland was in a vegetative state and the court allowed removal of life-supporting treatments to facilitate his death (ibid). However, in Queensland, an adu lt can fill advance health directive but it will operate only if it is in harmony with the common law. That means, in Queensland, for an advance health directive to operate, it should meet criteria like a sufficiently poor state of health, lack of prospects of recovery, and consistency with good medical practice. However, in other states, it is irrelevant to consider the fact that the adult would have lived for an extended period of time and made a full recovery if life-sustaining measures were given. In other words, if there is a valid AHD, the medical practitioner would not legally be allowed to provide such good medical practices which could prolong or save the life of the patient. Another important limitation, according to Willmott et al (2006) is that in Queensland, self-determination

Oscar ceremony Essay Example for Free

Oscar ceremony Essay An informative speech is strictly regulated. It should meet certain norms of presentation: 1) A model length of an informative speech is up to 7 minutes; 2) Visual aids are welcome but their role is limited to illustrating the verbal message; 3) The speech should be based upon credible sources which should be cited during the presentation; 4) Using notes is acceptable but a fluent memorized presentation is ideal. 5) An excessive use of emotions is prohibited whereas the use of non-verbal communicative means (confident posture, measured gestures, stable eye-contact) is highly praised; 6) The language of an informative speech should be simple, logical, and laconic. Bright imagery can somewhat embellish the speech when used appropriately. Topics/basic concepts Although it impossible to enumerate all the topics that can be suitable for an informative speech, it is generally accepted that an informative speech should be dedicated to some recent technical or medical investigations, unexpected facts and unusual events. This is a sample list of themes for an informative speech: famous lives, glorious deeds, history of creating a book, etc Outline An informative speech should be carefully structured so that such elements as introduction, body and conclusion could be clearly identified. Specific for an informative speech structure are a thesis statement and an organizational preview in the introduction. A generalized outline of an informative speech includes parts as follows: 1) Introduction: Declaring the speech topic; Attracting the attention of your listeners to the problem you are going to reveal; Making a thesis statement; Providing a brief preview of aspects of the problem that will be illuminated in the speech; 2) Body: giving a point-by-point revelation of the speech topic. 3) Conclusion: Making a cumulative review of the information provided; Referring to the introduction and ending the speech up with a startling conclusion. ++ Samples /while browsing through these, make sure you identify the structure/ Oscar ceremony The grandeur of the Oscar ceremony is well predicted, as well as an Oscar earned or an Oscar managed celebrity-chic that can be a great illusion of our time. Extravagant gowns, expensive jewelry, fantastic makeup, and all teeth smiles this years glamorously floating celebrities lightly touch the red carpet with their expensive footwear, later to worship, with all Academy voters, Slumdog, a tear shedding rags-to-riches saga that squeezed eight Oscars, including best director and best picture. The Oscar ceremony is endangered by commercialization. In the past it used to reward talent and art. Now, it is a well established tradition, a show of its own right. Yet, repeated over eighty times, this ceremony is unlikely to turn into a routine event. It sticks to the rules of the game with all the fever of a hot entertaining event. I have watched the TV version of the ceremony, so the following are my first-hand impressions. I would like to admit that nothing special was noticeable during the ceremony. Standout moments were Sean Penns calling the academy a bunch of commie homo-loving sons of guns and Dustin Lance Blacks address to the gay audience. Kate Winslet had proved that patience (five previous nominations) would bear fruit. Her Titanic never sank. Woody Allen had  prepared the fifth supporting acting Oscar, this time it was Penelope whose surname means in Spanish Saint. The evenings screw up was an innovative technique used while handling an annual favorite. It was a recognized failure. The ceremony was reviewed from different angles. A big fashion trend glorified red, white, and black one-shouldered gowns. Marisa Tomeis pale gray Versace, Kate Winslets Yves Saint Laurent one-shoulder slate blue and black gown, Anne Hathaways strapless silver beaded Armani Prove gown or Penelope Cruz fairy-tale white gown from Pierre Balmain were in contrast with the slum scenes from the best picture. The Oscar ceremony, almost perfect, is over. Everything is glamorous, gorgeous, and traditionally well staged. The reporters doubt that all fuss about the best picture opened new horizons in cinematography. The Oscar ceremony is still a great event, pompous and costly. It is about fashion and success, good fun and commercialized entertainment. I wish it were more about the art of cinematography. Coping with depression Depression is a psychological state that is hard to cure, hard to live with, and hard to endure. A depressed person lives in a nightmarish world, darkened by pessimism and dulled by unwillingness to act. This devastating and destructive state has a negative impact on the individual. It drains energy, evaporates optimism and enthusiasm, and paralyzes hope. It distorts the world and substantially reduces the pleasure of living. It may lead to repetitive suicidal thoughts that can end in self-destruction. I have consulted psychological literature to give you some tips how develop a step-by-step program to overcome depression. People suffer from depression for many reasons. They become depressed when all they do seems to become a failure. They get worried about their inability to realize their plans. They get shelled in loneliness. They get nervous and easily irritated. They find their lives unstable and hopeless. They lack safety and become vulnerable to outside influences. Depression is  a hazardous state, especially when you allow it to invade your body and mind. As soon as you realize that something is wrong with your state of mind, turn to help without hesitation. Now, I will give you some anti-depression tips. First of all, stay focused on what you are doing. Start with a small goal and fulfill it: go to a shop, take a short walk, or make a telephone call. Just start taking action and stick to doing it. Second, develop supportive relationship, turning to people who love you and whom you love. Refrain from retreating into yourself, sharing a meal, emailing, accompanying your friend to the movies, confide in a counselor or clergy member. Third, get interested in your own life. For this, have eight hours of sleep, practice relaxation techniques, and go easy on yourself. Why not to practice yoga or tai chi? Why not to introduce a meditative element to your life? Fourth, get regular exercise. Fifth, eat healthy food. Sixth, avoid negative thinking and negative emotions. Finally, ask for help if you cannot overcome your depression without outside aid. Now, you must embark on the road to depression recovery. Remember: action is the best anti-depressant for you. Look at the world from a new perspective: integrate into it on equal terms. Life is given only once, and you have no time to waste it. Not a single moment to spare! As soon as the world starts changing, you will keep a stronger touch with it. You will realize that inward problems are mainly our own creations, our own illusions, our own misunderstandings. Share your doubts with the world, and you be understood in return. It is easiest to shut your heart and pretend that loneliness is desirable. A white lie! Out of depression to communicate with people to establish relationships and depression will quietly go away! I do not think it will be welcomed again! How to build a happy marriage A clear-cut tendency is observed today: neither men nor women are in a hurry to marry. The growing independence of women, reluctant to do all housework and bear the main burden of childrens upbringing, sacrificing career growth, is one of the causes of the changes in family formation. A happy  marriage may be built only on love, tolerance, mutual understanding, equality, and respect. The problem is important because materially both husband and wife are now in many cases on equal terms. More and more women demonstrate higher levels of education than men, More and more women compete with men, holding leadership positions in business, politics and social life. As the result, women become materially independent. They are not materially tied to a family anymore. When they marry, they enrich their world that is now built on kinship, love, safety, quality leisure time activities in which all family members are involved. A family develops a collective feeling of interconnectedness, which is opposed to loneliness. Joy and duty, love and care, discipline and kindness all these are taken together in a family as a pillar of stable social development. I have talked to married people in search of a happy family recipe. I want to share some of my findings with you. A happy marriage is based on intimacy and commitment. It is a bond that outgrows passion as the feature of romantic love. It is a bond that is based on mutual respect and the feeling as if both husband and wife were in many respects one. It is a way of constructing lifestyle, emphasizing intimate relationship and devotion to a person of your choice. It is confidence in the stable character of marriage, reinforced by having kids. Although even happy marriages tend to undergo changes, they never change the high quality of relating to each other. People are happy to be together, to share opinions, to spend time together, to make plans, which is inherent in their attitudes to each other. Happy marriages are tested, like others, by time, material difficulties, hardships, deteriorating health, fluctuations of mood, identity development, and the like. Happy marriages, unlike others, never ruin fundamentals of relationship: commitment is so deep that no difficulty can destroy it, since both spouses know how to help and support each other. Happy marriages cherish happy memories, and they cannot destroy these memories when one of the spouses has a temporary temptation to experience something new. On the contrary, happy marriages are full of wisdom, consensus, and their happiness is rooted in a unique feeling of freedom that ties up to a happy marriage experience more than anything else. They cultivate universal love, which is care, understanding, and tolerance  to human weaknesses. Happy marriages are built by people who worship communication, interaction, and cannot live without sharing all they have in their hearts and souls. There is no couple that would not like to create a happy marriage. Only very few families can build long-term relationships that stick to happiness even under unfavorable circumstances. I have talked to married people who are happy in their own way. They feel the aura of happiness and advise others to be tolerant. A happy marriage is an ideal construct that is like a dream that cannot be realized without hard work, creating a relationship and being happy in the process of its creation. I wish you thought over my information. Do not waste your time. Test your own willingness to be perfect in your relationship. Prove that a happy marriage may be a reality. How to improve your conversational skills The feeling of being tongue-tied is familiar to many of us. We admire people who can express their thoughts with fluency and confidence. Some people think that a conversational skill is a gift, while others believe that this is the result of training. A blabbermouth monopolizes the conversation, turning it into a monologue. I have known a person who was able to talk to anybody with invariable energy and interest. He impressed people by his conversational eloquence. In business communication, conversational skills are an asset to a persons ability to persuade and negotiate the meaning. Conversational skills are necessary for successful career growth and our pleasant interaction with other people. Commitment and consistency are fundamental to improving conversational skills. People with conversational skills have more friends and better chances in life, for they know how to promote their ideas and establish relationships. I am going to inform you about the nature of conversational skil ls, and then I will give you some practical tips that you may find useful. Conversational skills are special tools that make a conversation go. They are learned and trained to become automatic. They control questions, control feedback; help break the ice during unwanted pauses, give an idea of open-ended questions that drive a conversation, elaborate a theme. They are  about shifts to another theme, the use of semantic means, combined body language and verbal speech. Conversational skills make people comfortable while talking to each other. Now, I will give you five ways to improve your conversational techniques. First of all, the speakers should show interest in each other. Healthy curiosity heats up interest. When you ask questions, you intend to be given a response that can drive the conversation. Second, remember that a conversation is a dialogue with well-balanced talking and listening. Skilful speakers monitor themselves, taking control over taking turns. If you get skilled in taking turns, even talking a little, you will perfect your conversational skills. Third, give genuine compliments for the actions the person who you are talking to has done. This appraisal must be specific and will do wonders if followed by a tag question. Fourth, your paralanguage may speak louder than words. Bodily expressions have a meaning of their own. Fifth, a skilful speaker employs What, where, when, who, how, and if questions. Conversational skills are acquired through special training. They help master the art of conversation as a meaning exchange of human thoughts. People are often clumsy and tongue-tied when expressing their thoughts and feelings. They need conversational eloquence, which may be achieved by using conversational techniques. Practice conversational skills with a smile, and this learned art will be yours at the moment when you need it most. London fashion week Fashion has become a large part of identity making in the post-human world in which people play dress-up with their clothing. Fashionable clothes reinvent people as sexual, desirable, and enigmatic. We care about what we wear a great deal because our culture emphasizes an outward appearance. Fashion changes every season, squeezing our wallets. A gorgeous event London fashion week attracts all lovers of fashion from all over the world. It was held in March, using the official London Fashion Week Catwalk. This 450-seater catwalk celebrates the best of the best British  designers of clothes. The event was well advertised. You can surf this events Internet page to enjoy beautiful pictures that covered it up. It was the embodiment of luxury and power, having proved again and again that fashion is in a constant state of flux, generating fantastic new styles and new feelings. Demonstrations of fashionable trends are amusing and inviting to copy trendy features, visible to an eye. First, I will inform you what hot trends London fashion week has promoted. Second, I will inform you why London Fashion Week is so popular. This seasons trends are inspired by cinema, popular culture, and religious icons, with glamour, creativity, and modest beauty combined. Domestic goddess, African Queen or Ethereal Nude, inspires SS/09 wardrobe. All the freshest trends, hot off the catwalk of London, are enjoyable. It is not only a pleasure of renovating your image and counting the money to be spent on the fashionable trendy designer clothes but also a mission to introduce others, less fussy about trendy things, to a new fashionable trend that every show promises. London Fashion Weekend is a single event that gives access to a large number of London Fashion Week designers, classic labels, and the hottest trendy garments. 150 designers are not only showing their newest designs but also selling ready-to-wear pieces at a bargain (at least it is advertised so) price. You may choose from Christopher Fischer, Collado Garcia, Crumpet, Belle Bunty, Ben de Lisi, Alice McCall, Garguz, Inexcess Dashion, Janet Reger, John Smedley, Karl Doroghue, Sass Bide, Nicky Dupont, Madeleine Press, My Lovely Jeans, and some others. This years new designers are Luella, Richard Nicoll, Emma Cook, and Eley Kishimota. All of them pursue their philosophy of fashion that can be made out only when all is seen as one trendy entity in color, cut, and accessories. You may not be chasing fashion but you cant be indifferent because fashion is inherent in our culture and people are always impressed by those who know the taste of trendiest trends. Our appearance depends on what we are wrapped in; fashion is about our social status, success, individualism, and good taste. We like clothes that wear well. We dream of clothes that impress. We desire clothes that make us aggressively gorgeous

Schindlers List vs Book Thief Essay Example for Free

Schindlers List vs Book Thief Essay The character Death, in Zusack’s The Book Thief says: â€Å"That’s the sort of thing I’ll never know- what humans are capable of. † Discuss the way this statement reflects one or more texts you have seen or read this year. Adaptation is the ability to adjust for existence under environmental conditions. Like how animals adapt in the wild, humans are also capable to be tolerant in difficult situations. We do not know our limit of cruelty or kindness. Although most people choose to be kind and sympathetic to others, there are also people who are cruel and cold-hearted. Mark Zusack states this idea in his book, The Book Thief from death’s point of view, â€Å"That’s the sort of thing I’ll never know, or comprehend- what humans are capable of. † Amon Goth’s cruelty to Jews in the movie, Schindler’s List is an example of human’s undeterminable mind. The morning when groups of Jews arrive to his work camp, Goth randomly starts shooting the Jews from his veranda. At first, the Jews thought they are now safe since they have survived the chaos in the city. Therefore, Goth shoots them to rise up the tension of the scene. His shots cause chaos at the camp and the view of the chaos from his veranda makes the Jews look more animal like and vulnerable. Later in the film, the Jews’ wedding scene, Schindler’s social party scene and Goth torturing Helen scene are shown by juxtaposition. This juxtaposition shows those three different scenes that create different moods in a short amount of time. This also shows Goth’s insanity. He asks questions to Helen however, he answers those questions by himself pretending Helen is the one who’s answering them. His sudden mood swings also hints about his odd mental condition. In the film Schindler’s List, the audiences are mesmerized by the protagonist, Oskar Schindler’s generosity. It uses juxtaposition between Schindler and Itzhak Stern’s thorough search of all the names to add to the list to save the Jews from the work camp and the images of those people to show the critical subclimax of the movie. Schindler’s break down at the end of the movie touches the audiences’ hearts. He keeps murmuring to Itzhak about his regrets. He thinks that if he knew that the war was about to end, e would have spent everything he has to save more Jews. He was touched when the Jews have him a gold ring as a gift for his devotions. When the Jews hand him the ring his hands were shaking and he was shocked. Most people would not risk their lives to safe others. However, Schindler’s selflessness is magnificent which has save thousands of Jews’ lives. Another example from this film is at the beginning when Narzi soldiers evacuate and execute the Jews in the city. These soldiers barge into the apartments destroy all the belonging in their paths. When they cannot control the situation, they start random shootings which killed hundreds of thousands of people. Not one of the soldiers hesitates before they put a bullet in the Jews’ heads. Although there were bloodsheds, we could not see the colour since almost the entire movie is shown in black and white. Otherwise, these bloodshed scenes would be even more horrible. The Nazi’s discrimination towards the Jews is also a very cruel act that most people are not capable of understanding the reason why they did it. The signs of discrimination are shown in the film. The Nazis let them run around naked during the medical checks. Although the doctors can easily determine the difference between the sick and the healthy Jews, they forced them to be examined naked in the camp. This is shown to portray how powerless and embarrassed the Jews would have felt at that time. The director shows this scene from many different angles to capture all the actions happening in the area. The tombstones of the Jews are used to build up roads which is also another way of dehumanizing the Jews. These tombstones are important for their family members but they have used it as a resource to walk on it which shows disrespect. It is also to make to look like the Jews are powerless and vulnerable. Another surprising thing that overwhelms people is the Jews’ capability to harsh violence by the Nazis. At the beginning of the movie, the Jews are sent off to the work camp by travelling in squashing trains and trucks. They had to work hard labour although this kind of work used to be unfamiliar for most people; some still manage to survive this hardship. Although they have to do harsh labours, the execution, and concentration camps they still do not lose hope. The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank wrote that, â€Å"Someday I will be able to taste freedom and some day we will all be free. † No matter how bad the situation is humans also hope for the best. I believe that this is something that only humans are most capable of. It is hope that let so many people conquer hardships and difficulties.

Influence of Magazines on Beauty | Cross-Cultural Analysis

Influence of Magazines on Beauty | Cross-Cultural Analysis INTRODUCTION Beauty is not concrete and may vary from culture to culture changing over time and shifting according to location. Beauty is an image which has been created by society to which woman and men have had to subject themselves to be real. The ideology of beauty or what is accepted as being the right appearance has been created by society and largely propagated by media. For United States of the 1950s Marilyn Monroe was the pinnacle of beauty which soon changed to Twiggy in the 1960s. While porcelain skin is valued in China, scarification of the skin and decorating it with tattoos is considered as a status symbol in Africa. Thus the physical attributes and ideas attached to beauty vary across cultures. Womens magazine industry is understood as a monolithic meaning producer, circulating magazines that contain messages and signs about the nature of femininity that serve to promote and legitimate dominant interests. (Anna Gough- Yates). A majority of feminist critics argue that media is responsible for establishing and promoting gender differences and inequalities in society. In respect media persons are considered responsible for reinforcing capitalism and patriarchy; manipulating society to attain increased circulation figures. Magazines are a great source, to study the society. Recording changes, from the purely fashion magazine couture age of 1920s, to lifestyle and home of the 1940s when domestic help was rare and woman to a personal interest in their homes. To New woman of the 1980s when woman began to work alongside men in almost every field to do it yourself of the 20th century with soaring costs and economic downturn. Magazines reflect revolutions in society and influenced the opinion of women across nations. Given the increase in trade to Asia and the spread of the beauty industry across nations, there is limited study available on how people are depicted internationally in the fashion magazines. Previous research has established that womans magazines can act as agents of publicizing gender stereotypes and beauty ideals like size zero and institutionalizing conventions like photographic poses. (Rudman and Verdi, 1993; Griffin, Viswanath, Schwartz, 1994). Yet little research has been done on the differences in representation of women internationally and locally. POWER OF IMAGES One must establish what people are looking at before one can hope to understand why under the conditions peculiar to them, they see what they see Rudolf Arnhein (Arnhein 1977:4) An image is that stimulus or representation that compels us to cognition, interpretation and personal preference. If we understand that the market is image based than we also begin to understand the importance of vision in understanding management in the information society. Images are where visual communication starts. Jonathan E. Schroeder confirms in his study of media that visual consumption is critically important for understanding contemporary consumers. Today marketing professionals are sensitive towards global customers and realise that they are enthusiastic consumers of images. Brand image, corporate image and self image are significant economic and consumer values and that global market culture is largely the construction of symbolic environments. (S. E. Jonathan, 2002) This is of great importance especially in the 21st century as the importance of marketing management and consumer research in this century may shift from problem solving to problem recognition from productio n of goods to the production of images (S. E. Jonathan, 2002) Through time marketers have learnt that markets are global which should translate into local approach. But when companies globalise they become more production driven wanting to sell more thus having common promotional strategies across cultures, sticking to one single image, hardly realising that there may be global products, but there are no global people. There may be global brands but there are no common global motivators to buy those brands. (M. De Mooij, 2009). Many brands have with the help of technology and communication tried to globalise nations. But technology has not brought a global village in which consumers all behave the same. GLOBAL MEDIA Globalisation is best defined as the crystallization of the entire world as a single place (Robertson, Ronald. 1990. Mapping the Global Condition: Globalization as the Central Concept. Theory, Culture and Society 7) Due to the success of global brands writers have predicted an unavoidable colonization of world culture by internationalised brands that would most definitely lead to demise of local cultures. However there is also evidence that suggests social relationships and values in local culture are resistant to the negative effects of globalization. On one hand globalisation is expected to destroy local cultures and bring about homogeneity while on the other hand it is also the reason for the revival of local cultural identities from various parts of the world. Today the expansion of western cultures values and ideas has reached the far corners of the world, right to Asian countries like India and China which have been dominant till the 21st century. Now that these countries have become important players in the world market, counter expansion of values and culture can also be seen. Over the past few decades there has been a rapid expansion of global brands in the media sector more than ever in the area of womans fashion magazines. Local editions of Elle, Harpers Baazar and Vogue are now being published in Asia. The internationalization of a magazine is not a new phenomenon although until quite recently the most popular womans magazines have been published locally. Harpers Bazaar, a U.S magazine launched itself in U.K. in 1929 (Anna Gough-Yates, 1993), Elle a European magazine began publishing its first edition in Japan in 1960s while Vogue a U.S magazine entered the Indian market in the 21st century. However the establishment of an integrated global media market only began in earnest in the late 1980s and did not reach its full potential until the 1990s. (Herman and Mc Chesney ,1997, p10) The latest NRS (National Readership Survey) figures suggest that the total readership market in U.K. for the months of July and December 2008 has risen by 10% since last year, while the total market for womens lifestyle and fashion magazines has grown by 7 %. (IPC Advertising) A similar trend was observed in USA where magazine subscription reached a ten year high in 2008 and with the total number of magazines published reaching 20,590 the total percentage of subscriptions also increased by 1.4% (MPA Magazine Publishers of America, ABC) Comparatively in Asia according to a PricewaterhouseCoopers the Asia/Pacific magazine market excluding Japan is projected to grow by 7.2% annually, reaching $20.7 billion by 2010, Advertising is also expected to rise by 5% annually to $8.1 billion in 2010. This means theres plenty of potential for countries in South Asia, where advertising spending is just about 0.34% of GDP. Until now foreign brands were allowed only 26% ownership when venturing into Asian countries. But in 2005 most of the Asian countries levelled the field for non news publications allowing 100% foreign direct investment. (D. Ruth, 2007, Forbes) In an age looking towards the internet for all information and goods there is a risk that print media and magazine subscriptions may fall contrary to predictions. A recent research conducted by PPA marketing suggests that the internet does not have any harmful effect on peoples desire to read offline, in fact in some cases reading websites encourages them to read magazines. Out of 1500 adults between the age of 18- 34 surveyed online revealed that peoples expectations and goals from each medium depends on the subject matter and for the subject of beauty and fashion print magazines are an obvious choice. Also the idea of owning a piece of fashion history through the beautifully photographed and styled images in fashion magazines makes print media a lucrative choice. With fashion going cross cultures, print media being the apparent choice of the masses to keep them in trend and the governments giving publication houses the clear there is nothing stopping international fashion magazines going local. Like all the other global media, magazines use many different strategies to cross the borders. The main reasons for crossing borders are saturation of home markets and to generate revenue by providing international consumer brands with advertising vehicles that reach into the expanding foreign markets'(Dr. Katherine Frith, 2006,pg4-5). For example Condà © Nast which has a portfolio of 127 magazines in 23 countries had to close down Mademoiselle in November 2001 due to competition, flagging sales and saturation of magazine houses. Markets with rising economic rates like Asia and Middle East, as a result have become a target for westerns producers of beauty and fashion magazines. FASHION MAGAZINES AND THEIR IMPACT Many women across cultures are influenced by general trends in fashion and follow although at a distance the fashion industry. The relationship between consumers and trends is complex but it is mediated by fashion magazines. The difference between international fashion magazines and their local versions is that the international issues tend to carry a predominance of images for multinational products. (Shaw, 1999). Such magazines are growing in popularity in Asia and this popularity has bought about a change in perspective regarding the depiction of woman and products in local magazines. Griffin, Viswanath, and Schwartz(1994) found in a study comparing images in weekly U.S. news magazines (Time and Life) to weekly Indian magazines (India Today and Illustrated weekly of India), that many of the western advertising principles and poses for women were being conveyed across nations. They confirmed that female models in India were taking on poses that related closely to gender portrayals of the advanced western nations. A recent analysis of magazines international and local in China by Frith, Cheng and Shaw (2004) suggests that Caucasian models are more frequently shown in seductive dresses than Asian models. Feminist critiques like Kates, Shaw and Garlock (1999) would argue that western magazines are cultural institutions that represent women in a problematic and often unacceptable way although attractive female bodies and sexual content have for long been used in the west to draw consumers to a product and generate interest. Comparing this to the representation of woman across cultures with reference to the few studies conducted on the topic; Griffin, Viswanath and Schwartz (1994) concluded that the use of Sexual pursuit as a theme was used three times more often in American magazines than magazines in India. In conservative Asian countries like Malaysia and Indonesia only Caucasian women were used in Lingerie advertisements (Frith and Mueller, 2003). Any magazine wanting to be resonant with its target audience needs to represent the social norms and cultural values of the given society. International magazines like Vogue and Elle although have publishing houses in Asian countries most often train their employees in the west. The result being that the forms of representation and especially that of woman can take on a globalized look. As Kyung-Ja Lee,(2000, pg 86) has rightly said for thirty years, media have been taken to task for reproducing and reinforcing stereotyped images of woman. Yet unfair representation of woman in media still prevails worldwide. Sex stereotyping has been so deeply ingrained, even glorified, that the woman themselves have become desensitised to their own inferior portrayal. The prospects appear even gloomier as the globalisation of media progresses Previous researchers have noted that the images of models used in magazines have been extensively retouched to represent the ideal of beauty that is unattainable for all but a very few people.(Greer,1999). By showing models that are uniformly thin, flawless and perfectly proportioned the media may contribute towards low self esteem and unhappiness among woman and give rise to problems like eating disorders.( Gauntlett, 2002) Media is also considered a large contributor to the global increase in plastic surgery to change physical appearance among young girls (Lee, 2007). With most models used in international magazines being white the publications are rarefying the ethnic beauty ideals. In fact the obsession with whitening products may be a result of this overuse of White models in Asian publications. Finally as global media takes readers away from local publications and changing Asian beauty ideals it is important to study the impact of international beauty ideal on local consumers. The Asian society has predominantly been a conservative society yet with the onset of westernisation this society is changing and adapting itself. But as Marieke de Mooij states, product usage or acceptance does not change overnight, as peoples behaviour is stable . A new idea or concept is only accepted when it is consistent to a change in society and does not imply a fundamental change in culture. Essay 2: THE VOGUE IMPACT This essay will discuss Vogue magazines cover page and its relationship with its brand identity. Can the brand successfully globalised by altering its cover page image, based on cultural and social variants in each of its markets? Would standardisation of the brands cover page images and visual identity help to avoid criticism on its entry into a new market? VOGUE BEGINING Started in 1982 Vogue magazine is predominantly an American cultural phenomenon. It began as a social weekly periodical and nurtured into a professional and confident monthly publication under the leadership of Condà © Nast which took over vogue in 1909. Primarily as a lifestyle magazine catering to both men and woman Vogue has come a long way to be at the pinnacle as the fashion magazine for woman in vogue (David, A., 2006). In an age where French fashion was considered the ultimate Vogue managed to put American Couture on the map. Under the Condà © Nast umbrella the magazine not only managed to become a brand name in its own country but also exported fashion ideas to the world. Today Condà © Nast which has a portfolio of 127 magazines in 23 countries believes Vogue to be its cash cow. At present there are a million fashion and beauty magazines such as In Style, Elle and Cosmopolitan circulated around the globe, but in times of crises citizens all over turn to Vogue to confirm the latest fashion news. With readership and subscription levels of about 220,000 a month for the British Vogues, 133,000 a month for the French Vogue and American Vogue, at 1.2 million a month Vogue is the leading magazine in the business of fashion. (IPC Advertising reports) The once small publication eventually became an international phenomenon with issues being published in more than 12 countries. YEAR OF LAUNCH COUNTRY /EDITION 1916 British Vogue 1918 Spanish Vogue 1920 French Vogue 1924-1926 Argentinean Vogue 1928 German Vogue 1964 Italian Vogue 1975 Brazilian Vogue 1994 Singapore Vogue 1996 Korean Vogue 1996 Taiwanese Vogue 1999 Japanese Vogue 1999 Latin American Vogue 2000 Greek Vogue 2005 Chinese Vogue 2007 Indian Vogue Since its birth the magazine has strived to serve the society by portraying an example of proper etiquette, beauty, composure and fashion. The magazine not only plays a role in setting latest trends but also records the changes in cultural thinking, actions and clothing through its images. Looking at Vogue through the ages it can be clearly seen that it is also a documentation of the changing roles of woman, and the influences of cultural ideas and politics over time. The power the Vogue magazine has over generations of women has inspired many new magazines like Cosmopolitan and Glamour; all interested in its market share. In spite of this great quantity of magazines circulating around the globe, considering circulation figures and media impact no other publication has managed to accomplish the lasting power and success of Vogue. (David, R., 2007) VOGUE IMAGE Self definition has always been crucial to vogue. (David, A., 2006). Throughout its first 30 years vogue editors and illustrators made use of the French meaning of vogue, defined in the first dictionary of the Acadà ©mie Franà §aise (1694) as the impulsion or movement of a galley or other ship by the force of rowing. It was only in the 18th century that vogue and fashion were listed as synonyms (Fà ©raud 1787–8). Since its first issue Vogue magazine has been personified as a youthful young woman. The magazines first cover presented itself in the disguise of a debutante, a young socialite. When Condà © Nast bought the magazine in 1909 he brought it into line with other successful publishing ventures and in just over a decade, circulation went from 14,000 to 150,000 while advertising revenue soared from $76,111 to two million dollars (Robinson 1923: 170). He modernised the magazine not just the content but also the cover. He replaced the black and white drawings of the front cover with commissioned, lavish, stylised and signed illustrations. This change helped to attract attention to the magazine and increase circulations. As an advertising man, he understood the value of having a visual brand or logo and Nast revived the original Vogue trademark, a distinguished little sketch which immediately became known as the Vogue girl (David, A., 2006). This first Vogue girl was just an illustration cla d in a fancy dress with the than fashionable leg-o-mutton sleeves. Her unnatural ivory white skin, snow white wig, tiny waist and voluptuous bosom, was directed at the fantasies of the magazines readers (David, A., 2006).The Vogue girl represented the heritage of those Americans who wished to be different from the New World Americans and was constantly seen as wearing historical costumes and heirlooms. Than too the new world American woman aspired to look like her. All this changed in the 1920s when the Vogue girl was changed to an illustration by Georges Lepape. This new image was more streamlined and represented the woman at the heights of fashion in the 1920s. Vogue had gone from importing fashion to exporting it. As times changed so did the magazine cover from illustrations to photographs, making models like Cindy Crawford and celebrities like Madonna a household name. This change in its image was a response to the internationalisation of the magazine. Today the vogue cover girls are the most glamorous, exotic, unusual and popular persons of the moment. The trend being more towards actresses than models dressed in the heights of fashion, styled by the best stylist and clicked by A-list photographers they are every girls aspiration and every boys fantasy. Like its cover girls the magazines is considered to be glamorous, glossy and trendy. (Alexandra Shulman, Vogue U.K. editor). Despite of having these factors common among them, the vogue covers are dissimilar in many aspects depending upon its country of publication. CULTURE AND CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR Anglo –Saxon psychological research states that the concept of self and personality are the basis of Western consumer behaviour. The words identity or personality have no fixed meaning in the Asian culture. A global brand needs to consider the cultural differences to truly succeed in the world field. A number of research experts and cultural studies suggest that a brand should think global, act local. This is based upon the theory that the way people think and perceive any brand or image is guided by the framework of their own culture (Mooij, M, 2009). The observation of Japanese individuality as a sign of westernisation of the country is a misconception of many global brands. For more than a decade international magazines have been accused of standardising a beauty ideal across the globe with disregard to the individual cultural and beauty ideals of the host country. For a short duration the values and attributes of a foreign or global personality might have a strong attraction, but ultimately people return to their own local values and culture. For a Brazilian woman the emphasis is on her bottom, um corpo de violà £o which literally means a guitar shaped body is most desirable. No matter how many international magazines showcase buxom beauties, the Brazilian woman would ultimately want a bigger bottom as the point of attraction is the sweet swing of the hips. The illustration of a desirable Japanese woman in The memoirs of a Gesha suggest, that the Japanese appreciate soft delicate feminine features, small feet and long hair cut in layers. A slim slender graceful body is more desirable than a curvaceous one. In Islamic countries the body is considered a n obstacle in viewing ones true beauty. Any bodily decorations or changes are considered a veil over the inner beauty and the Hijab is another veil to conceal these changes so that the womans only public identity would be her inner self. For the Greek it has been symmetry in structure and features, based on Platos ideas that, beauty is that which irradiates symmetry rather than symmetry itself. The Nuba tribe in Sudan like dark skin and hairlessness. On studying traditional Indian paintings it can be concluded that the Indian ideals of beauty in a woman is voluptuousness, with the belly and hips being of prominence.( Ei, 2008) The image and identity associated with woman of different geographical locations are deep rooted in their respective cultures. The beauty ideals and a womans self image in any culture can be understood by studying its paintings, sculpture and artistic representations. Today the artistic or idealistic representations of women are magazine covers, images and pho to spreads. These covers are also considered a mode of advertisement for the magazine within that culture. As Steve Taylor has rightly put in his book 100 years of magazine covers it is hard to identify another cultural artefact which embodies an advertisement for itself in such a powerful way. Magazine covers can be breathtaking, beautiful, confrontational, resonant, heartbreaking, stimulating, irritating and uplifting. At their best they come together as a kind of spontaneous street level exhibition, publicly displaying the work of some of our best creative talent, featuring what is most admirable and dismissible about the modern world, communicating the people and events that shape our culture. Apart from a mode of advertisement of todays culture a magazine cover plays a dual function of advertising the magazine brand itself. An impressive cover encourages people to flip through the magazine and buy it. (Alexandra Shulman, British Vogue editor). Getting the magazine cover right is not only ethically important but also financially important to the magazine in order to develop brand loyalty and increased circulations. Thus making it important to study magazine covers as a mode of advertisement and part of the marketing mix, for a magazine publication. MAGAZINE COVERS AS BRAND VISUAL IDENTITY It is a common assumption that an advertisement would be effective if the viewer decodes the advertisement successfully, if there is a significant transfer of attributes. (Mooij, M., 2009). Thus while developing one idea for a global brand or one single motivator for different cultures, one should not assume that the responses would be alike too. An idea being interpreted accurately by the consumers would only happen if the senders and receivers share one culture. If they do not share the same cultural values it may result in misunderstandings and demeaning of brand value within that culture. For example consider the inaugural Vogue covers of India and China. The Indian Vogue cover was styled by the magazines British fashion director while the Chinese vogue was styled by French Vogue editor Carine Roitfeld (China economic net and Fashion week daily dispatch). The covers were not rightly decoded by the consumers and received much criticism. Whereas the covers for the preceding months styled by Anaita Shroff Adajania the fashion director for Vogue India was highly appreciated.(Fashion week daily dispatch) The essence of a brand is that it is a name in the memory of consumers. It is a perceptual map of positive and negative associations, a symbolic language, and a network of associations. (Mooij, M.,2009). Vogue with its launch in many Asian countries received much negative associations with its local issues. The local Asian issues of Vogue are considered small ripples in the big pond of Fashion magazines (Armstrong ,L, 2009) and they could never manage to create the impact that American vogue or Italian Vogue have managed to create world over. Vogue India or Vogue China might be sold worldwide but it is not necessary that consumers in all countries consider them global brands. One theory suggests that a global brand is a brand that is strongly associated with its country of origin (Mooij, M., 2009) and for Vogue its been America. This can be considered positive if the country of origin has a stable global identity. With American values becoming ambiguous and Vogue bifurcating into mul tiple countries over time its core identity may be threatened. The idea of incorporating local aesthetics with their global image might dilute the brands global image. STANDARDISATION A multinational companys personality and identity are the biggest factors influencing consumer (Eales, 1990 as cited in Melewar,T.C, Saunders, J., 1998). Unrestricted global trade, a competitive marketplace and the fast technological developments have created a situation where consumers dont just buy the product they also buy the company that produces it. The brands character, its identity, its image and the confidence it inspires in them help in making the choice between two almost similar product offerings in the market. At the centre of any business and its projected image is its corporate visual identity system. The elements of this system are: name, symbol, and/or logo, typography, colour and slogan (Dowling, 1994). These elements help to sell the company to consumers and its stakeholders. Corporate identity programs have risen due to globalisation (Ind, 1992). The changing business tactics, geographical locations, variations in cultures and changing markets have all encouraged companies to change their corporate identity. As companies begin to operate on an international basis, the image that they acquired as national producers often becomes inappropriate (Mills, 1988 as cited in Melewar,T.C, Saunders, J., 1998). Some international companies adopt a unified brand image in spite of government and consumer displeasure. The degree of de-standardisation of any company depends upon the strength of the host countries culture, government policies and target market. (Mooij, M., 2009). The decision to standardise a brand image also depends upon the competitive edge derived in either keeping activities central or decentralizing them. However a brand like Vogue that has a truly global orientation needs to express consistent brand values wherever it chooses to compete. Thus making its worldwide image more recognisable for its homogeneity than not. A major component of a corporate identity is the corporate structure. (Strong, 1987) According to Ind (1992) there exist two corporate identities, one that is the organisational structure and the other that is the visual structure. The Visual structure is concerned with the branding of the product, and how it appears to the consumers. (Gray Smeltzer, 1985 as cited in Melewar, T.C., Saunders, J., 1998). The basic concern with the visual structure is the degree of centralisation and decentralisation. Thus the basic problem faced by Vogue is whether to sell an identical product image to all its consumers or to make modifications as per the local differences. A global brand can be a mass brand satisfying a common product need in all the countries or it can be a brand catering to a common niche in all the countries. Vogue magazine has two options, being a global brand it could standardize the brand and the brand image across the globe so that the Indian woman reading the Indian Vogue would feel equal to the French or American woman reading their respective Vogues. The other option it has is to go local, differentiate between its offerings and treat each market as an individual and not a global product while standardising its visual image, giving the impression of a common brand. Researchers argue that standardisation of a brand helps the company to achieve a uniform image internationally which in turn increases sales.(Buzzell, 1968, Hovells Walters, 1972 as cited in Melewar, T.C., Saunders, J., 1998) . Others were of the opinion that standardisation makes consumers familiar with the product, its services, business diversities and competitive distinction thus helping to establish a uniform corporate image.(Peebles et al ,1977 as cited in Melewar, T.C., Saunders, J., 1998). Cosmopolitan for example is known around the globe to address personal and sex related issues as it does not change its editorials and articles depending on culture. The band logo/ font type, position or style does not differ according to geographical locations. The brand has achieved a sense of standardisation by not having a distinct country name printed on its cover unlike Vogue. The research on global corporate visual identity systems by T.C. Melewar and John Saunders (1998) proved that firms with highly standardised corporate visual identity systems (CVIS) saw themselves reaping more reward from their CVIS than did those with low CVIS standardisation. All custom

The Great Depression :: essays research papers

Cut wages, growing unemployment, poverty, and suffering were unforgettable experiences during the Great Depression of the thirties. Many people learned to face these hard times with the help of famous sports figures. They gave hope and to many people pride in what they stood for to them. One of these great sports figures who helped Americans was boxer Joe Louis. In 1936 he fought the world champion Max Schmeling and had his first lose. Max Schmeling was a German boxer and the Nazis equated his victory over Joe Louis as a Nazi superiority over American democracy. Once again the two boxers, Joe Louis and Max Schmeling, fought in 1938 and this time Joe Louis won in the first round. This was an enormous lift for Americans. It was a victory for democracy. Joe Louis was also an inspiration to the African American people. He was a famous African American boxer and had beaten a German boxer who was as Hitler believed the perfect race. This gave the African Americans self-respect and pride in who they were. â€Å" African Americans pointed with pride to athletes like Joe Louis, who was the world heavyweight boxing champion.† (Cayton, Perry, Winkler, 764 ) Louis also went on to become a hero for the war effort and gave inspirational speeches. Jesse Owens great accomplishments on the track field made him one of the most famous in history. While on the Ohio State University track team in 1935 he set a world record in the broad jump (26 feet 8 1/4 ). In 1936 he set a new world record in the 100m. dash,(10.2 sec.). In 1936 as a member of the U.S. track team at the Olympic games in Berlin, Jesse Owens won four gold medals and set more new world records. This is an important moral buster to the American people, white and black, because once again it showed Nazis were not a superior race. An African American man had won four gold medals. This was humiliating and angered Adolf Hitler . â€Å" His paramont victory at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin was made even more memorable when Adolf Hitler refused to award Owens his four gold medals because he was black.† ( Encyclopedia 97 ) This was as much a victory for the American people as for Owens. It was especially important to the African Americans because it was an acknowledgement of his Olympic victories because he was black.

Darwins Theory of Evolution :: Natural Selection, Evolution Essays

"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life," usually shortened to "the Origin of Species," is the full title of Charles Darwin's book, first published in 1859, in which Darwin formalized what we know today as the Theory of Evolution. Although Darwin is the most famous exponent of this theory, he was by no means the first person to suspect the workings of evolution. In fact, Charles owed a considerable debt to his grandfather Erasmus, a leading scientist and intellectual, who published a paper in 1794, calledZoonomia, or, The Laws of Organic Life. This set down many of the ideas that his grandson elaborated on 70 years later. However, it was Darwin that formalized the theory, and presented the most convincing case for the theory. Charles Darwin was born on the 12th of February 1809 (incidentally, the same day and year as Abraham Lincoln), in Shrewsbury, England. He had a privileged upbringing, and enjoyed science - particularly biology. He graduated from Cambridge University in 1831, and on December the 27th of that year, he set off for a five-year journey aboard the Beagle, a ship bound for South America. His voyage was long and eventful, including once, in Chile, encountering both an earthquake and a tidal wave in a single day! He spent the entire journey sea-sick, but found an interest in naturalism, and began to think about evolution. Using the evidence he found during his tour of South America to back up the basic theories set down by his predecessors, and making his own adjustments and discoveries. Finally, the Beagle arrived home on October the 2nd, 1836. During his travels, Darwin kept five note-books, marked A to E, in which he recorded what he found, made sketches and wrote about his observations and theories. These later became the basis of his book, though in a "condensed and corrected" version, to "render the volume more fitted for popular reading," as Charles stated in the preface to

Evaluation of Sources Addressing Sleep and Performance Essay -- Resear

Evaluation of Sources Addressing Sleep and Performance Sleep loss and shifting sleep patterns are known to be widespread across college campuses throughout the United States and the world at large. Yet, while many studies exist relating sleep to performance, a much smaller amount of studies focus on the Through analysis of these sources as they would prove useful when researching and writing upon the idea of sleep and its correlation to academic performance it was found that a paper titled â€Å"Sleep-Wake Patterns and Academic Performance in University Students†, which was presented to the European Conference on Educational Research, is overall the most useful source represented to research the topic. While points, claims, and statistics may be found within all of the sources used for the research, the sheer amount of referenced studies and works within the â€Å"Sleep-Wake† paper lends weight to it’s usefulness as a reliable source. One of the otherfactor of sleep and its affect within the college community. Three sources varying in criteria and usefulness were found that related to this subject and were studied. sources, â€Å"College Students try to Cheat Sleep Needs†, a college newspaper, offers basic facts and elementary assumptions such that could be found within any biology textbook or encyclopedia. These references are to such things as sleep cycles and sub stages and the general consequences of an out of balance sleep cycle. The study from the Biological Rhythm Research writers, however, hints at previous studies and findings that â€Å"several factors, such as social and academic demands, part-time jobs, [...] affect the sleep-wake cycle of college students.† but then only states the findings of a particular study, and does so in... ...tive sources. As seen by its thoroughness, and attention to detail and reliability by its specialized writers, this paper is the most useful location for information regarding the topic. Works Cited Anderson, Ph.D., Keith J. â€Å"College Students try to Cheat Sleep Needs.† Polytechnic Online. 13 Feb. 2002. 2 Feb. 2004. . Gomes, Ana Allen, Jose Taveres, and Maria Helena Azevedo. â€Å"Sleep-Wake Patterns and Academic Performance in University Students.† 7 Oct. 2002: 7. Education-Line Database. 2 Feb. 2004. Medeiros, Ana Ligia D., et al. â€Å"Relationships Between Sleep-Wake Cycles and Academic Performance in Medical Students.† Biological Rhythm Research. 32.2 (2001): 263-270. 2 Feb. 2004. .

Liberal Bias in Media

Liberal bias in media is the result of selective coverage of news influenced by liberal principles and ideas. Media bias is a coined term to reflect practices that are considered violations of the standards of journalism. However in the United States, liberal bias in media is often an issue in debates. Selective media reporting often raises an issue to media credibility and functionality. However, there are media watchdogs that serve as checks and balance to avoid occurrences of media bias. These conservative organizations exist to publicize media bias issues, and at the same time control the occurrences of such (Accuracy in Media). In the US media for instance, over the past years, there have occurrences of media biases. This goes in two distinct points; first, it is the case that US media fails to criticize certain points of their aggressions; or that, their journalistic expressions turn too harsh on the US forces. For example, American media in the past years had been too keen on criticizing US transgressions that they tend to overlook â€Å"good and noble deeds† exemplified by the US forces in Iraq and Afghanistan. In this kind of media coverage, US media has failed to offer support to their forces (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,59-2210973.html). Another case of media bias in this case would be the overly critical media coverage in the US warfare. Whereas, in most cases, US forces were placed under minimal US public and even world scrutiny. This was done in such a way that the actions of US forces towards their opponents in Iraq and Afghanistan were less publicized, in order to create an illusion of fair play for their forces. Another case of media bias in US is extended in its election effect. The media coverage during the election period has failed to capture the real essence of the US democratic process. Instead of focusing on the policies and platforms of political parties as a group, the media coverage was centered on the candidates. Hence, the media coverage has been obviously manipulated to create good impressions on the candidates rather than being catered to properly inform the public regarding their credentials, suggested policy transformations, and plans that shall emancipate the nation in general Hudson, 2004, 195-196). On the other hand, media is also used as a source of entertainment, more than for information – or to use their term, for â€Å"infotainment†. In this way, media is being used by private media for profit-driven goals. In this market, the market mechanism becomes the sole controller of media practitioners rather than public information. Through this change, the quality of information being disseminated suffers from the profit-driven goals which often result to inadequate quality of the news being produced. In this light, is a call for the eradication of media biases. The media, should serve only for the purpose of informing the public, hence, anything that shall tarnish this image shall not be allowed. Media is indeed a powerful sector, a very influential weapon that can make or break someone’s reputation. Thus, this sector must be utilized properly and conscientiously for the benefit of the majority. Accuracy In Media official website. Retrieved November 5, 2007 Hudson. (2004)   American Democracy in Peril: Eight Challenges to America’s Future. Washington, D.C., CQ Press.   pp 195-1966 http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,59-2210973.html. Retrieved November

Development Timeline (Birth to 19 Years)

TDA 2. 1 (1. 1) emergenceal TIMELINE FROM family TO NINETEEN eld The cartridge clip frames presented ar averages and some children whitethorn come upon various developmental milest unmatch up to(p)s earlier or later than average but gloss over be within the normal range. let TO 5 old age Social, horny andBehavioural organic evolution conversation andIntellectual emergence tangible maturement(gross and rattling well aim) Birth 1 month generalised tension. Helpless. A amicable ( non social). Fed by m some other. Feedings 5 8 per day. peacefulness 20 hours per day. arresting Capacities makes basic distinctions in vision, hearing, smelling and tasting, uphold temperature and perception of pain. 2 months 3 months Distress. Smiles at a formula. Visually fixates at a faceand smiles at it. maybe soothed by rocking. Enjoys organism cuddled. Expresses delight. Oral Exploration cries, coos, grunts. sensory(prenominal) Capacities colourize perception visual ex ploration. go might enclose of eye energys lifts judgment when on stomach. give TO 5 geezerhood Social, horny andBehavioural maturement conversation andIntellectual using visible phylogeny(gross and lovely motor). 4 months 6 months Enjoys cosmos cuddled. Recognises his mother. Distinguishes between familiar persons and strangers. No presbyopic- arrangeing smiles indiscriminately. Expects feeding, dressing and bathing. Oral Exploration talk makes most vowels and more(prenominal) than or less half of the consonants, Sensory Capacities localises sounds. ride talent control of head and arm movements purposive grasping, rolls over. 7 months 9 months Specific emotional attachment to mother. Protests judicial separation from mother. Enjoys peek-a-boo games. drive powerfulness control of trunk and hands sits without support crawls about. 10 months 12 months Responsive to profess name. Waves bye-bye. Plays pat-a branchingal profession. Understands no Giv es and takes objects. Affection. Anger. Fear of strangersCuriosity & Exploration. Language says one or two words imitates sounds responds to put forwarddid commands. Feedings 3 meals per day, 2 snacks. balance 12 hours per day with2 naps. Motor Ability control of legs and feet stands creep apposition of thumb and fore-finger. BIRTH TO 5 historic period Social, Emotional andBehavioural suppuration Communication andIntellectual Development Physical Development(gross and ticket motor). 1 year 11/2 old age interdependent behaviour. Very hoo-ha when separated from mother. Fear of the bath. Obeys limited commands. arouse in his mirror contrive. Language repeats a hardly a(prenominal) words. Motor Ability creeps up stairs walks (10 20 minutes) makes lines on paper with crayon feeds himself. 11/2 days 2 years grit of humor tantrums (1 3 years). Resentment of a new-fashioned baby. Does the gelid of what he is told (18 months). Language wording of more than 200 words. Motor Ability runs kicks a ball builds a 6-cube mainstay (2 years) capable of bowel & bladder control. Sleep 12 hours at night with1 2 hour naps 2 years 3 years Fear of separation. Negativistic (2 1/2 years). Violent tempers. Different facial expressions anger, sorrowfulness and joy. Sense of humor manoeuvres tricks. Copies parents actions. Dependent, clinging. Possessive about toys. (continued overleaf) Language talks, uses I, me and you says words, phrases and wide-eyed sentences style of 272 words. In tycoon to make decisions. Motor Ability jumps off a step rides a tricycle uses crayons builds a 9-cube tower set self on a chairman uses a spoon and fork becoming independent in toileting turns pages singly. BIRTH TO 5 YEARS Social, Emotional andBehavioural Development Communication andIntellectual Development Physical Development(gross and alright motor). 2 years 3 years(continued) Enjoys play alongside a nonher child. Resists parental demands. Gives orders . Rigid imperativeness on same(p)ness of routine. Self-centred commence of personal identity. Possessive. Often negative frustrated. more(prenominal) responsive to humour and distraction. Solitary play. Dependent on adult guidance. Plays with dolls. Little theory of others as people. Socially very immature. whitethorn respond to artless direction. Enjoys music. . BIRTH TO 5 YEARS Social, Emotional andBehavioural Development Communication andIntellectual Development Physical Development(gross and fine motor). 3 years 4 years Knows if he is a boy or a girl. Enjoys brief group activities requiring no skill. analogous to help in midget ways. Self-sufficient in many routines of foundation life. Affectionate towards parents.Pleasure in genital manipulation. accommodating play with other children. Attends glasshouse enlighten. Imitates parents. Romantic attachment to parent of reverse sex (3 5 years). Jealousy of same-sex parent. ideational fears of dark, injury, and so forthtera (3 5 years). Takes turns and wants to share. Beginning of designation with same-sex parents. Practises same-sex post activities. Intense curiosity and vex in other childrens bodies. Imaginary friend. Uses we. Has a vocabulary of 896 words. return in communication. Tells saucer-eyed stories. Uses words as tools of thought.Has a confide to under(a)stand to his environment. back answers questions. whitethorn order a few nursery rhymes. . Motor Ability stands on one leg jumps up and down draws a pass on and a cross (4 years) draws Man cuts with scissor grip (not well) post wash and dry face throws ball overhand. BIRTH TO 5 YEARS Social, Emotional andBehavioural Development Communication andIntellectual Development Physical Development(gross and fine motor). 4 years 5 years highly Cooperative play. Highly social has special friends. Highly organised (5 years). whitethorn play by and large organised games (e. g. ag hop scotch). Enjoys simple table games requ iring turns and observing rules. Talkative. Versatile. Responsibility and guilt. Feels pride. Prefers to play with other children. Becomes competitive. Prefers sex-appropriate activities. Highly imaginative. Dramatic. Self-assured. Stable and well-adjusted. infrastructure centred likes to associate with mother. Capable of some self-criticism. Enjoys right. Like to fol broken rules. Interest in environment, town, city, shops, and so on Talks clearly. Uses adult barbarism soundsHas master basic grammar. Asks endless questions. Learning to generalise.Tells long tales. Reads own name. Counts to 10. Asks meaning of words. Knows colours. Beginning to hold up the difference between fact and fiction. Has the efficiency to tell lies. Knows over 2000 words (5 years). Motor Ability hops and skips mature motor control, skips good balance smoother heftiness action skates rides a bicycle (with stabilisers) kettle of fishive jumps, dresses without help, copies a square and a triplicity fucking draw recognisable simple objects handedness established ties shoes, girls small muscle development about 1 year ahead of boys. 6 YEARS TO 10 YEARSSocial, Emotional andBehavioural Development Communication andIntellectual Development Physical Development(gross and fine motor). Starts outlay more prison term in nurture and with partners than with family. Has friends that are primarily the same sex. Accepts responsibility for their actions. Express concerns for the welfare of others. Personality and humour develops. fire decentre (realizes others be gravel ideas and feelings that are not the same as theirs). Attention levels amplification flock inhibit impulsive behaviour. Has greater emotional control. Play becomes sophisticated and progressively symbolic.Playing a gang or group (organised sports and games). Spends more time and meanness on individual interests (books, music, computer games, constructing models. Tastes and skills are almost defined (pre- striplin g). Demonstrates relativism (they can be abuse and that theirs, and others, thoughts and feelings do not make reality). Strongly influenced by friends. establish of perspicuous and organised thought. Demonstrates deductive reasoning. Understands the concepts of right and wrong. Speed and efficiency of thought increases. tail end relate involved accounts of events. Complex and flux sentences easy used.Only a few lapses in grammatical constrictions (tense, pronouns, plurals). All speech sounds are established. Reading and writing with tidy ease. Plays thought-provoking games and puzzles that test knowledge and somatogenicity. send word classify one object in more than one way. Can stock on a conversation at an adult level. Learns to join their letters and can decipher other joined-up writing. Doodles and sketches becoming more naturalistic. Can follow (fairly) tangled instruction manual with little repetition. Starts to question unknown concepts (eg. death, birth, etc. ). Able to set and achieve goals.Reads for enchantment (8+ years). Can tell the time (7+ years). Motor Ability movement is smoothand coordinated can ride a bicycle without stabilisers plays challenging games to test physicalityContinues to grow steadily in weight and height. Body proportions starting to step less childlike and more like those of an adult. Exhibits high levels of energy. Puberty may pose (as young as 9). Periods may set forth (as young as 8). Sleep 10 hours per day. 10 YEARS TO 14 YEARS Social, Emotional andBehavioural Development Communication andIntellectual Development Physical Development(gross and fine motor). 13 YearsMay act in destructive ways slamming doors stamping feet. May become overly sensitive and easily offended. May begin dabbling in skilful behaviour self harm smoking cigarettes drinking alcohol taking drugs having sex). associate pressure has the most influence. Interested in fitting in and being the same as their peers. Relationships ca n become coordination compound and intense not speaking to others enjoy fighting/making up. May ease up large shifts in social circles may withdraw and avoid their peers or make out to stick with their friends, no matter what.Prefers to be social than tend to civilise-work or other responsibilities. Silliness can rule can have a twisted sense of humour. May push away from their parents to authorise more time with friends. Cliques and tight-knit groups can form. Between 12 and 14 years, twain(prenominal) sexes become very aware of their sexual practice and that of others. Nervous of developing too straightaway or too slowly. A manus style develops. more than abstract thought, incorporates principles of clump logic. Thinking becomes less tied to concrete reality. Formal logical systems can be acquired. Can handle proportions, algebraic manipulation.Evidence of organised, logical thought. Capable of concrete trouble solving. Growing ability to see the consequences of t heir actions. More able to think like adults, but not the judgement and experience. Arguing skills mitigate (passionate). Reasoning skills improve applies concepts to specific examples. Can construct hypothetical solutions to jobs and evaluate. Focus on the coming(prenominal) develops. Recognises cause and effect (present/future events). Sets personal goals. Decision-making skills improve. Learns to distinguish fact from opinion. Can evaluate credibility of various sources of information.May challenge adults assumptions and solutions. GirlsOnset of puberty (11 years). full point begins (121/2 years but sometimes earlier). Breasts begin to grow and develop (breast buds). BoysGrowth spurts, subnormality and lack or coordination. hormonal mood swings in boys and girls moody, depressed, surly and insubordinate acutely interested in the opposite sex. Adult teeth in beam (by 13 years). Special gifts and talents emerge (sports, artistic, mental, etc. ). 13 Years GirlsGrowth in h eight continues, but a drawn-out pace (adult height reached by 16 or 17 years).Breast development continues. Growth of pubic and under-arm hair. Body phase changes (hips, fat deposits buttocks, legs, stomach). Periods become regular. Pregnancy becomes possible. 10 YEARS TO 14 YEARS Social, Emotional andBehavioural Development Communication andIntellectual Development Physical Development(gross and fine motor). 13 Years (continued)Evidence of teen rebellion. Early risk taking behaviour could increase in problem and occur with other risky behaviours. impatient(predicate) to assert their independence. Negative and positive peer pressure friends classmates.Three possible study health problems include eating disorders opinion substance abuse. 13 Years (continued)Boysspeedy growth in height and weight. Muscles bring out strength increases. Pubic and under arm hair appears and thickensBody hair increases. articulatio deepens. Penis, scrotum and testes enlarge. Ejaculation an d nocturnal emissions occur. Boys and GirlsAlways hungry. Sleep patterns alter dramatically. Oily skin and acne may occur). Sweating increases. Rapid growth causes clumsiness and lack of coordination. Sexual desires and fantasies increase. 14 YEARS TO 19 YEARSSocial, Emotional andBehavioural Development Communication andIntellectual Development Physical Development(gross and fine motor). 14 YearsUncertain, unhappy and sensitive. Withdrawn spends time alone needs privacy. Can be neurotic (convinced that everyone is watching and judging). Low conceit very concerned with body image and appearance (physical sexual). May refuse to extroverted with adults. Self-involved (may have high expectations and low self-concept). 15 YearsGenerally easy going happy. Recognises own strengths and weaknesses. Is critical of others, specially parents. Likes to be invade with extracurricular activities. Large and varied social circle friends of both(prenominal) sexes. Anxious to be liked and acc epted. Strong interest in opposite sex. Can be quarrelsome and wont communicate. Desires independence from familyRelationships with siblings better than with parents. May have one or two outflank friends. Dating and romantic relationships may be commonplace. 14 YEARS TO 19 YEARS Social, Emotional andBehavioural Development Communication andIntellectual Development Physical Development(gross and fine motor). 16+ YearsRelationship with family becomes easier more caring. Self-assured with sense of self. Views parents as people, not the bosses. Friendships are very important both sexes shared interests. Intense romantic relationships. May have anxiety over school and test scores. Interest in school increases or decreases. Seeks privacy and time alone. May complain that parents prevent independence. Starts to integrate both physical and emotional intimacy into relationships. Is increasingly aware of social behaviours of friends. Seeks friends that share mistakable beliefs values in terests.Friends become more important. Starts to have more intellectual interests. Egocentrism develops in some teenager. 16+ YearsBecomes better able to set goals and think in toll of the future. Has a better understanding of complex interrelationships of problems and issues. Starts to develop moral ideals and to select role models. Cognitive maturity developsComponential password ability to use internal information-processing strategies in problem solving,Metacognition awareness of ones cognitive processes (vital in problem solving).Experiential intelligence able to conduct learning effectively to new skills. contextual intelligence ability to apply intelligence in a practical context. mute knowledge savvy or avenue wise (to work the system to ones advantage). 16+ YearsGirlsMost have completed the physical changes related to puberty by 15 years. BoysStill maturingGaining strength and muscle mass height. Completing development of sexual traits. The pass is fully develop ed by 19+ years.